中国高等教育
Higher Education in China
截至2023年6月15日，中国大陆共有3,072所高等学府，其中普通本科院校1,242所、本科层次职业学校33所、高职（专科）院校1,545所、成人高校252所。另有培养研究生的科研机构234所。各种形式的高等教育在学总规模4655万人。
As of 15 June 2023, China Mainland has 3,072 higher education institutions (HEIs) nationwide, of which 1,275 undergraduate institutions, 1,545 higher vocational colleges, and 252 adult HEIs. There were also 234 research institutions training postgraduate students. The number of registered students in all HEIs totaled 46.55 million across the country.
中国大学学历划分
中国高等教育包括学历教育和非学历教育。其中，高等学历教育分三个层次：专科、本科、研究生。
Higher education of China consists of curricula education and non-curricula education. Moreover, higher curricula education is divided into Specialty Education, Undergraduate Education, and Postgraduate Education.
专科𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥𝐭𝐲 𝐄𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
主要由高等专科学校（高专）、高等职业技术学院（高职）负责开办，全日制专科学年制度为 2－3 年。专科层次没有学位，毕业后只颁发专科毕业证书。
It is kind of short cycle course which mainly delivered by Chinese professional schools of higher education and vocational-technical schools of higher education, the schooling term is about 2－3 years. Students who meet the graduation requirements can only gain a Zhuanke Certificate of Graduation (so called 'diploma'), not offering a degree.
本科𝐔𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐄𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
主要由大学、学院（两者是根据办学规模、学科与专业、师资队伍、教学与科研水平等因素进行划分的）负责开办，全日制本科学年制度为 4－5 年。本科毕业且达到规定的学术水平者，可同时获得本科毕业证书和学士学位证书。
Mainly delivered by Chinese universities and colleges. The schooling term of full-time universities is 4－5 years. Students who meet the certain requirements can be conferred with a Bachelor's degree and Benke Certificate of Graduation.
研究生𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐄𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
分为硕士研究生和博士研究生，主要由大学、科研机构负责开办，学年制度为 2－3 年。符合毕业要求且达到规定的学术水平者，可同时获得研究生毕业证书和硕士或博士学位证书。
Mainly delivered by Chinese universities and research institutes, it is divided into the Master and the PhD studies. The schooling term of full-time universities is 2－3 years. Students who meet the certain requirements can be conferred with a Master’s/Doctoral Degrees, as well as the Master’s/Doctoral Certificate of Graduation.
Note: In English, “educational qualification” is a general term that encompasses degrees. In China, qualifications (学历) and degrees (学位) are two separate types of credentials represented by separate documents – certificates of graduation (毕业证书) and degree certificates (学位证书) respectively. In the context, a degree certificate signifies formal qualification at a specific level of academic achievement, while a graduation certificate merely indicates whether or not a student has graduated.
中国重点大学
中国把发展教育放在首位，提出科教兴国战略，中国在高等教育领域进行实施了多项跨世纪的重点建设战略工程。
China has placed priority on developing education, putting forward the strategy of revitalizing the country through science and education. China has implemented many cross-century quality education projects.
𝟐𝟏𝟏 工程𝙏𝙝𝙚 '𝙋𝙧𝙤𝙟𝙚𝙘𝙩 𝟐𝟏𝟏'
此政策是由中国教育部于 1995 年启动，该项目旨于在 21 世纪内重点建设 100 所左右的大学和建设一批重点学科。从 1996 年到 2000 年，该项目已投入了约 20 亿美元。到目前为止，中国有 116 所大学符合该工程的标准要求，它们为学生提供了高等教育。此政策已被统筹为“双一流”建设。
The '𝙋𝙧𝙤𝙟𝙚𝙘𝙩 𝟐𝟏𝟏' is an educational project launched by the Chinese Ministry of Education in 1995. It was aimed at strengthening about 100 institutions of higher education and key disciplinary areas as a national priority for the 21st century. In the first phase of the project, about 2 billion US dollars were distributed from 1996 to 2000. Under the project, 116 selected Chinese national universities and colleges have been able to meet the standards of scientific, technical, and human resources specified, and they are offering higher degree programs for students. This project has been replaced by the '𝘿𝙤𝙪𝙗𝙡𝙚 𝙁𝙞𝙧𝙨𝙩-𝘾𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙨' Initiative.
※ 共有24所 CCN 成员大学入选国家级 “211工程” 建设名单。
𝟗𝟖𝟓工程𝙏𝙝𝙚 '𝙋𝙧𝙤𝙟𝙚𝙘𝙩 𝟗𝟖𝟓'
此政策在 1998 年 5 月 4 日由中国国家主席江泽民在庆祝北京大学建校 100 周年大会上宣布成立。该项目旨在加速 21 世纪世界先进水平的一流大学的建设，以及向世界展示中国教育体系的发展和声誉。此政策下共有 39 所大学参与，目前已被统筹为“双一流”建设。（注意：“985工程” 与 “985工程优势学科创新平台” 两者存在区别，勿混淆。）
The '𝙋𝙧𝙤𝙟𝙚𝙘𝙩 𝟗𝟖𝟓' is another educational project. For the first time, Chinese President Jiang Zemin was announced on 4 May 1998 in a ceremony organized on the 100th anniversary of the University of Peking. This project has been introduced to introduce world-class universities in the 21st Century and introduce the progress and reputation of the Chinese education system worldwide. So far, there are 39 universities sponsored by the project. This project has been replaced by the '𝘿𝙤𝙪𝙗𝙡𝙚 𝙁𝙞𝙧𝙨𝙩-𝘾𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙨' Initiative.
※ 共有14所 CCN 成员大学入选国家级 “985工程” 建设名单。
九校联盟𝘾𝟗 𝙇𝙚𝙖𝙜𝙪𝙚
该联盟成立于 2009 年，是中国大陆首个大学联盟，成员来自首批 985 高校的 9 所大学，其模式类似美国常春藤、英国罗素盟校、澳大利亚G8模式。九所高校会互相借鉴对方的优势学科，设立培养合作与交流项目，共同发展，定位成为世界一流大学。
After the 211 and 985 projects, the C9 League was established in 2009, it is the first official alliance of Chinese universities and it is similar to American Ivy League, British Russell Group, Australia G8 model. The aim of the C9 is to allow universities to communicate with each other in order to foster better students by sharing their resources, including campuses, teachers, and so on. More importantly, they have committed themselves to world-class excellence.
※ 共有5所 CCN 成员大学是C9高校。
双一流建设𝙏𝙝𝙚 '𝘿𝙤𝙪𝙗𝙡𝙚 𝙁𝙞𝙧𝙨𝙩-𝘾𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙨' 𝙄𝙣𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚
中国在 2017 年公布此高等教育建设计划，旨在于 2050 年年底最终建成一批世界一流大学和世界一流学科，将中国打造成为国际高等教育强国。根据教育部、财政部和国家发改委联合发布的通知，世界一流大学建设高校为 42 所，打造优势学科为一流学科的高校为 95 所。与 211 工程及 985 工程不同，实行动态管理，但大学的 “双一流” 称号并非终身制，中国将对建设高校实施了动态监测与管理，保障大学提供的教育水平。
The initiative was released in 2019 by China's government, it aims to ultimately build a number of world-class universities and disciplines by the end of 2050, in an effort to make China an international higher education power. According to the circular, 42 universities and colleges will be developed into world-class educational institutions, while 95 universities will focus on building their preponderant disciplines into first-rate ones. Different from Project 985 and Project 211, the '𝘿𝙤𝙪𝙗𝙡𝙚 𝙁𝙞𝙧𝙨𝙩-𝘾𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙨' title for university is not an interminable status, they will receive dynamic monitoring and management
※ 共有24所 CCN 成员大学入选中国 “世界一流大学和世界一流学科” 建设名单。
双万计划𝙏𝙝𝙚 '𝘿𝙤𝙪𝙗𝙡𝙚 𝙏𝙚𝙣 𝙏𝙝𝙤𝙪𝙨𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙣'
此计划旨在于 2019-2021 年间，规划建设近 1 万个国家级一流本科专业和 1 万个省级一流本科专业，以便全面振兴本科教育，提高高校人才培养能力，实现高等教育内涵式发展，助力中国成为高等教育强国。截至目前，CCN 已有超过 2,000 个本科专业被认定为一流专业建设点。
The plan was released in 2019 by China's government, it aims to build approximately 10,000 first-class undergraduate majors at national level as well as provincial level from 2019 to 2021, aiming to comprehensively revitalize undergraduate education, improve the talent training ability of colleges and universities and realize the connotative development of higher education. Up to now, more than 2,000 majors from CCN member universities has been approved as firs-class majors under this construction.
※ 据不完全统计，超过 2,000 个来自 CCN 成员大学的本科专业，被评选为国家级一流本科专业和省级一流本科专业建设点。
国际交流合作
中国致力于建设更多世界一流大学，其政府大力投资高等教育，大学授予的学历在世界范围内得到广泛承认。截至2022年，中国已与58个国家就高等教育学历和学位的互认达成了协议，还与181个国家和地区、46个国际组织建立了教育合作与交流。
China is committed and striving to build more world-class universities, and investing heavily in higher education. The academic qualifications awarded by Chinese universities are recognized worldwide. As of 2022, China has forged agreements with 58 countries on mutual recognition of qualifications and academic degrees in higher education, the country has also established educational cooperation and exchanges with 181 countries and regions and 46 international organizations.
马来西亚政府和中国政府早在2009年11月11日签署《中华人民共和国政府和马来西亚政府高等教育合作谅解备忘录》，并在2011年4月28日正式签署了《中华人民共和国政府和马来西亚政府关于相互承认高等教育学历和学位的协定》。该协定推动两国在高等教育领域的合作并促进两国学生的交流。在该协议下，马来西亚高等教育部已经承认1243所中国大学的学术资格。
The Government of Malaysia and the Government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) signed the 'Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of Malaysia' on Cooperation in the Field of Higher Education at Putrajaya on 11 Nov 2009. Two countries further signed the 'Framework Agreement to Facilitate Mutual Recognition in Academic Higher Education Qualifications' on 28 April 2011. The main objective of the Agreement is to promote cooperation in higher education and to facilitate student mobility between both countries. For the purpose of implementing the Agreement, the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia has adopted a list of 1243 HEIs in PRC.